垫片百科
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ASTM标准，用于垫片材料和硫化橡胶的分类和测试
By Larry Pyle本文介绍了与垫圈材料和垫圈复合材料相关的标准化测试。 它可能不包括所有相应的测试方法，但肯定是最广泛使用的。
Standard Classifications for Gasket Materials.
ASTM F104: This classification system provides a means for specifying or describing pertinent properties of commercial nonmetal gasket materials. Materials composed of asbestos, cork, cellulose, and other organic or inorganic materials in combination with various binders or impregnants, are included. Materials normally classified as rubber compounds are not included, since they are covered in Method D2000. Gasket coatings are also not covered, since details thereof are intended to be given on engineering drawings or in separate specifications.
ASTM F104：该分类系统提供了一种用于指定或描述商业非金属衬垫材料的相关性能的方法。 包括由石棉，软木，纤维素和其它有机或无机材料与各种粘合剂或浸渍剂组合的材料。 不包括通常归类为橡胶化合物的材料，因为它们包括在方法D2000中。 垫圈涂层也不包括在内，因为其细节旨在给出工程图纸或单独的规格。
ASTM F868: This classification system provides a means for specifying or describing pertinent properties of commercial laminate composite gasket materials. These structures are composed of two or more chemically different layers of material. These materials may be organic or inorganic or a combination with various binders or impregnants. As in F104, gasket coatings are not covered for the same reasons. Standard Test Methods for Gasket Materials. The results from these standardized tests serve well as the basis for direct comparison of the basic properties of different gasket materials.
ASTM F36：垫片材料的压缩性和回复性测试方法。
该测试方法包括确定片状衬垫材料在室温下的短时间可压缩性和恢复，并且在某些情况下，从片材切割的垫圈。 其不旨在作为在长时间应力施加下的可压缩性的试验，其反向通常称为压缩变形。 此外，它不适用于室温以外的测试。
ASTM F36: Test Method for Compressibility and Recovery of Gasket Materials. This test method covers determination of the short-time compressibility and recovery at room temperature of sheet-gasket material and, in certain cases, gaskets cut from sheets. It is not intended as a test for compressibility under prolonged stress application, the inverse of which is generally referred to as compression set. Also, it is not intended for tests at other than room temperature.
ASTM F37: Test Method for Sealability of Gasket Materials. These test methods provide a means of evaluating fluid sealing properties of gasket materials at room temperature. Method A is restricted to liquid measurements and Method B may be used for both gas and liquid leakage measurements. These methods are suitable for evaluating the seal characteristics of a gasket material under differing compressive flange load. When desired, the method may be used as an acceptance test when the following test conditions are agreed upon between a supplier and purchaser: fluid, internal pressure on fluid, and flange load on gasket specimen.
ASTM F38: Test Method for Creep Relaxation of a Gasket Material. These test methods provide a means of measuring the amount of creep relaxation of a gasket material at a stated time after a compressive stress has been applied: Method A: Creep relaxation measured by means of a calibrated strain gauge on a bolt. These tests are normally limited to room temperature because of the instability of the strain gauges at elevated temperatures. Method B: Creep relaxation measured by means of a calibrated bolt with dial indicator. This is the more common of the two methods of this test. These tests are normally run at temperature levels of 212oF and 350oF, however, they can be performed as high as 900oF with special precautions.
ASTM F145: Recommended Practice for Evaluating Flat-Face Gasketed Joint Assemblies. This practice permits measurement of gasket compression resulting from bolt loading on a flat-face joint assembly at ambient conditions.
ASTM F146：垫片材料流体阻力的测试方法。
这些测试方法涵盖了在浸入测试流体之后非金属衬垫材料对物理性能的影响的确定。 所覆盖的材料的类型是包含石棉和其他无机纤维（类型1），软木（类型2）和纤维素或其他有机纤维（类型3）的那些类型，如分类ASTM F104中所述。 这些方法不适用于测试硫化橡胶，这是在测试方法D471中描述的方法。 它设计用于测试从垫圈材料或成品制成的试样。 本标准可能涉及危险材料，操作和设备。
ASTM F146: Test Method for Fluid Resistance of Gasket Materials. These test methods cover the determination of the effect on physical properties of non-metallic gasketing materials after immersion in test fluids. The types of materials covered are those containing asbestos and other inorganic fibers (type 1), cork (type 2) and cellulose or other organic fiber (type 3), as described in Classification ASTM F104. These methods are not applicable to the testing vulcanized rubber, a method that is described in Test Method D471. It is designed for testing specimens cut from gasketing materials or from finished articles. This standard may involve hazardous materials, operation, and equipment.
ASTM F147: Test Method for Flexibility of Nonmetallic Gasket Materials Containing Asbestos or Cork. This test method covers the determination of the flexibility of nonmetallic gasket materials. It is designed for testing specimens cut from sheet goods or from the gasket in the finished form, as supplied for commercial use. Materials normally classified as elastomeric compounds are excluded, since they are covered in Classification D2000.
ASTM F148: (See *Note) Test Method for Binder Durability of Cork Composition Gasket Materials. This test method covers three procedures for determination of the binder durability of cork-containing materials.
ASTM F152: Method for Tension Testing of nonmetallic Gasket Materials. These test methods cover the determination of tensile strength of certain nonmetallic gasketing materials at room temperature. The types of materials covered are those pertaining to asbestos and other inorganic fibers (type 1), cork (type 2) and cellulose or other organic fiber (type 3) as described in Method F104. These methods are not applicable to the testing of vulcanized rubber (see Method D412) or for rubber O-rings (see Method D1414).
ASTM F363: Method for Corrosion Testing of Enveloped Gaskets. This test method covers the evaluation of gaskets under corrosive conditions at varying temperature and pressure levels. The test unit may be glass lined if the flanges are sufficiently plane, thus providing resistance to all chemicals, except hydrofluoric acid, from cryogenic temperatures to 260oC (500oF) at pressures from full vacuum to the allowable pressure rating of the unit, or they may be made of other suitable material. The test unit described in the standard has an internal design pressure rating of 1034 kPa (150 psi) at 200oC.
ASTM F147：包含石棉或软木的非金属垫片材料的柔性测试方法。该测试方法包括确定非金属垫圈材料的柔性。它被设计用于测试从片材或从成品形式的垫圈切割的试样，如供商业使用。不包括通常归类为弹性体胶料的材料，因为它们涵盖在分类D2000中。
ASTM F148：（见*注）软木组合物垫片材料的粘合剂耐久性的测试方法。该测试方法包括用于测定含软木材料的粘合剂耐久性的三个程序。
ASTM F152：非金属垫片材料的拉伸试验方法。这些测试方法包括在室温下确定某些非金属衬垫材料的拉伸强度。所述材料的类型是如方法F104中所述的那些与石棉和其它无机纤维（类型1），软木（类型2）和纤维素或其它有机纤维（类型3）有关的材料。这些方法不适用于硫化橡胶的测试（参见方法D412）或橡胶O形环的测试（参见方法D1414）。
ASTM F363：包封垫的腐蚀试验方法。该试验方法包括在不同温度和压力水平的腐蚀条件下评价垫圈。如果法兰足够平面，测试单元可以是玻璃衬里的，从而在从全真空到单元的允许压力额定值的压力下，提供对除了氢氟酸之外的所有化学物质从低温到260℃（500°F）的耐受性，由其他合适的材料制成。在标准中描述的测试单元在200℃下具有1034kPa（150psi）的内部设计压力等级。
ASTM F433: Recommended Practice for Evaluating Thermal Conductivity of Gasket Materials. This practice covers a means of measuring the amount of heat transfer quantitatively through a material or system. This recommended practice is similar to the Heat Flow Meter System of Method ASTM C518, but it is modified to accommodate small test samples of higher thermal conductance.
ASTM F434: (See * Note) Method for Blow- Out Testing of Preformed Gaskets. This test method covers the determination of the resistance against blow-out of preformed gaskets. The test is conducted under ambient condition and should be used for comparison purposes only, to select suitable designs and construction for specific applications.
ASTM F495: Test Method for Ignition Loss of Gasket Materials Containing Inorganic Substances. This test method covers the determination of gasket material weight loss upon exposure to elevated temperatures.
ASTM F586: Test Method for Leak Rates Versus “y” Stresses and “m” Factors for Gaskets. This test method covers the determination of leak rates versus y stresses and m factors for gaskets gripped by pressure-containing flanged connections. (A lengthy discussion of the “m” and “y” factors can be seen in my article on the subject in the December 2008 issue of GFA Newsletter).
ASTM F607: (See* Note) Test Method for Adhesion of Gasket Materials to Metal Surfaces. This test method provides a means of determining the degree to which gasket materials under compressive load adhere to metal surfaces.The test method may be employed for the determination of adhesion. The test condition described is indicative of those frequently encountered in gasket applications. Test condition may also be modified in accordance with the need of specific applications as agreed upon between the user and the producer.
ASTM F806: (See *Note) Test Method for Compressibility and Recovery of Laminated Composite Gasket Materials. This test method covers determination of the short-term compressibility and recovery at room temperature of laminated composite gasket materials. This test method is not intended as a test for compressibility under prolonged stress application, that is creep, or for recovery following such prolonged stress application, the inverse of which is generally referred to as compression set. Also, it is only intended for test at room temperature.
ASTM F1087: Linear Dimensional Stability of a Gasket Material to Moisture. This method covers a procedure to determine the stability of a gasket material to linear dimensional change due to hydroscopic expansion and contraction. It subjects a sample to extremes (i.e., oven drying and complete immersion in water), which have shown good correlation to low and high relative humidities.
ASTM F1315: Test Method for Density of a Sheet Gasket Material
* NOTE: This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult with appropriate authorities and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitation prior to use. Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Elastomers. As mentioned previously, vulcanized rubbers are handled under the classification D2000 and by a separate subcommittee of the ASTM. Listed below, in condensed form, are the pertinent test methods which apply to them.
ASTM D395: Compression Set, Method “B” ASTM D412: Elongation, Tensile Modulus @ 100%, 200%, 300%, and Tensile Strength Die “C” (common)
ASTM D429: Adhesion Bond Strength Method “A”
ASTM D430: Flex Resistance
ASTM D471: Fluid Resistance Aqueous Fuels,Oils and Lubricants
ASTM D573: Heat Age or Heat Resistance
ASTM D575: Compression Deflection, Method “A”
ASTM D624: Tear Strength, Die “B” or “C”
ASTM D813: Crack Growth
ASTM D865: Deterioration by Heating
ASTM D945: Resilience
ASTM D2632: Resilience
ASTM D1053: Low Temperature Torsional
ASTM D1171: Ozone or Weather Resistance
The descriptions of the test methods listed above are but summaries of the actual tests and procedures. Full procedures can be obtained directly from the American Society of Testing Materials or downloaded from various technical publications sites.翻译来源于Google
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